The human gut microbiome has primarily been studied through the use of fecal samples,a practice that has generated vital knowledge on the composition and functional capacities of gastrointestinal microbial communities.However,this reliance on fecal materials limits the investigation of microbial dynamics in other locations along the gastrointestinal tract(in situ),and the infrequent availability of fecal samples prevents analysis at finer temporal scales(e.g.,hours).In our study,we utilized colonic transendoscopic enteral tubing,a technology originally developed for fecal microbiota transplantation,to sample the ileo-cecal microbiome twice daily;metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses were then conducted on these samples.A total of 43 ileocecal and 28 urine and fecal samples were collected from five healthy vol-unteers.The ileocecal and fecal microbiomes,as profiled in the five volunteers,were found to be similar in metagenomic profiling,yet their active genes(metatranscriptome)were found to be highly distinct.Both microbiomes were perturbed after laxative exposure;over time,they exhibited reduced dissimilarity to their pre-treatment state,thereby demonstrating resilience as an innate property of the gut microbiome,although they did not fully recover within our observation time window.Sampling of the ileocecal micro-biome during the day and at night revealed the existence of diurnal rhythms in a series of bacterial species and functional pathways,particularly those related to short-chain fatty acid production,such as Propionibacterium acnes and coenzyme A biosynthesis Ⅱ.Autocorrelation analysis and fluctuations decom-position further indicated the significant periodicity of the diurnal oscillations.Metabolomic profiling in the fecal and urine samples mirrored the perturbance and recovery in the gut microbiome,indicating the crucial contribution of the gut microbiome to many key metabolites involved in host health.This study provides novel insights into the human gut microbiome and its inner resilience and diurnal rhythms,as well as the potential consequences of these to the host.

Xiaolin Liu;Min Dai;Yue Ma;Na Zhao;Ziyu Wang;Ying Yu;Yakun Xu;Huijie Zhang;Liyuan Xiang;He Tian;Guanghou Shui;Faming Zhang;Jun Wang

CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology,Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Medical Center for Digestive Diseases,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210011,China;Clinical Trial Center Office,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210011,China;State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology,Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology,Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210011,China

工程（英文）

[1]Xiaolin Liu;Min Dai;Yue Ma;Na Zhao;Ziyu Wang;Ying Yu;Yakun Xu;Huijie Zhang;Liyuan Xiang;He Tian;Guanghou Shui;Faming Zhang;Jun Wang-.Reconstruction and Dynamics of the Human Intestinal Microbiome Observed In Situ)[J].工程（英文）,2022(08):89-101

transendoscopic,ileo,metatranscriptomic,ileocecal,unteers,metatranscriptome,laxative,Propionibacterium,perturbance

Reconstruction,Dynamics,Human,Intestinal,Microbiome,Observed,Situ,human,gut,has,primarily,been,studied,through,use,fecal,samples,practice,that,generated,vital,knowledge,composition,functional,capacities,gastrointestinal,microbial,communities,However,this,reliance,materials,limits,investigation,dynamics,other,locations,along,tract,situ,infrequent,availability,prevents,analysis,finer,temporal,scales,hours,study,utilized,colonic,enteral,tubing,technology,originally,developed,microbiota,transplantation,twice,daily,metagenomic,analyses,were,then,conducted,these,total,urine,collected,from,five,healthy,microbiomes,profiled,volunteers,found,profiling,yet,their,active,genes,highly,distinct,Both,perturbed,after,exposure,they,exhibited,reduced,dissimilarity,treatment,state,thereby,demonstrating,resilience,innate,property,although,did,not,fully,within,observation,window,Sampling,during,day,night,revealed,existence,diurnal,rhythms,series,bacterial,species,pathways,particularly,those,related,short,chain,fatty,acid,production,such,acnes,coenzyme,biosynthesis,Autocorrelation,fluctuations,decom,further,indicated,significant,periodicity,oscillations,Metabolomic,mirrored,recovery,indicating,crucial,contribution,many,key,metabolites,involved,host,This,provides,novel,insights,into,inner,well,potential,consequences

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