Accompanying an annual increase in cancer incidence,the global use of anticancer drugs has remarkably increased with their worldwide environmental prevalence and ecological risks.In this study,the oxidation of methotrexate(MTX),a typical anticancer drug with ubiquitous occurrence and multi-endpoint toxicity,by feerrate(Ⅵ)(Fe(Ⅵ))and permanganate(Mn(Ⅶ)))was investigated in water.Fe(Ⅵ)exhibited a higher reactivity with MTX(93.34 Ma1 s-1)than Mn(Ⅵ)(3.01 M-1 s-1)at pH 8.0.The introduction of Cu(Ⅱ)and Fe(Ⅲ)at 1.0 mM improved the removal efficiency of 5.0 μM MTX by 100.0 μM Fe(Ⅵ)from 80％to 95％and 100％after 4 min,respectively.Seven oxidized products(OPs)were identified during oxidative treatments,while OP-191 and OP-205 were characterized as specific products for Fe(Ⅵ)oxidation.Initial ketonization of the L-glutamic acid moiety and cleavage of the peptide bond of MTX were proposed.Additionally,a multi-endpoint toxicity evaluation indicated no genotoxicity,neurotoxicity,or endocrine-disrupting effects of MTX and its OPs.Particularly,serious developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae was observed in the treated MTX solutions.Based on the acute and chronic aquatic toxicity prediction,OP-190,OP-192,OP-206,and OP-208 were deemed toxic or very toxic compared to harmful MTX.Furthermore,the reduced biodegradability index from 0.15(MTX)to-0.5 to-0.2(OP-192,OP-206,and OP-468)indicated the formation of lower biodegradable OPs.Overall,this study suggests that Fe(Ⅵ)and Mn(Ⅶ)oxidation are promising treatments for remediating anticancer drug-contaminated water.However,the environmental risks associated with these treatments should be considered in the evaluation of water safety.

Shengqi Zhang;Chengsong Ye;Wenjun Zhao;Lili An;Xin Yu;Lei Zhang;Hongjie Sun;Mingbao Feng

College of the Environment&Ecology,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102,China;College of Geography and Environmental Science,Zhejiang Normal University,Jinhua 321004,China;State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology,Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network,School of Life Sciences,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102,China;Core Facility of Biomedical,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361102,China

环境科学与工程前沿

[1]Shengqi Zhang;Chengsong Ye;Wenjun Zhao;Lili An;Xin Yu;Lei Zhang;Hongjie Sun;Mingbao Feng-.Product identification and toxicity change during oxidation of methotrexate by ferrate and permanganate in water)[J].环境科学与工程前沿,2022(07):119-131

Accompanying,feerrate,ketonization,genotoxicity

Product,identification,change,during,oxidation,methotrexate,by,ferrate,permanganate,water,annual,incidence,global,use,anticancer,drugs,has,remarkably,increased,their,worldwide,environmental,prevalence,ecological,risks,this,study,MTX,typical,ubiquitous,occurrence,multi,endpoint,Mn,was,investigated,exhibited,higher,reactivity,Ma1,than,introduction,mM,improved,removal,efficiency,from,after,respectively,Seven,oxidized,products,OPs,were,identified,oxidative,treatments,while,characterized,specific,Initial,glutamic,acid,moiety,cleavage,peptide,bond,proposed,Additionally,evaluation,indicated,neurotoxicity,endocrine,disrupting,effects,its,Particularly,serious,developmental,zebrafish,larvae,observed,treated,solutions,Based,acute,chronic,aquatic,prediction,deemed,very,compared,harmful,Furthermore,reduced,biodegradability,formation,lower,biodegradable,Overall,suggests,that,promising,remediating,contaminated,However,associated,these,should,be,considered,safety

0.530533