Despite the long history of research that has focused on the role of defects on device performance,the studies have not always been fruitful.A major reason is because these defect studies have typically been conducted in a parallel mode wherein the semiconductor wafer was divided into multiple pieces for separate optical and structural characterization,as well as device fabrication and evaluation.The major limitation of this approach was that either the defect being investigated by struc-tural characterization techniques was not the same defect that was affecting the device performance or else the defect was not characterized under normal device operating conditions.In this review,we describe a more comprehensive approach to de-fect study,namely a series mode,using an array of spatially-resolved optical,electrical,and structural characterization tech-niques,all at the individual defect level but applied sequentially on a fabricated device.This novel sequential approach en-ables definitive answers to key questions,such as:(ⅰ)how do individual defects affect device performance?(ⅱ)how does the im-pact depend on the device operation conditions?(ⅲ)how does the impact vary from one defect to another?Implementation of this different approach is illustrated by the study of individual threading dislocation defects in GaAs solar cells.Additionally,we briefly describe a 3-D Raman thermometry method that can also be used for investigating the roles of defects in high power devices and device failure mechanisms.

Yong Zhang;David J.Smith

Electrical and Computer Engineering Department,University of North Carolina at Charlotte,Charlotte,NC 28223,USA;Department of Physics,Arizona State University,Tempe,Arizona 85287,USA

半导体学报（英文版）

[1]Yong Zhang;David J.Smith-.Comprehensive,in operando,and correlative investigation of defects and their impact on device performance)[J].半导体学报（英文版）,2022(04):27-38

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