Sapindus mukorossi is an environmentally friendly plant and renewable energy source whose fruit has been widely used for biomedicine,biodiesel,and biological chemicals due to its richness in saponin and oil contents.Here,we report the first chromosome-scale genome assembly of S.mukorossi(covering～391 Mb with a scaffold N50 of 24.66 Mb)and characterize its genetic architecture and evolution by resequencing 104 S.mukorossi accessions.Population genetic analyses showed that genetic diversity in the southwestern distribution area was relatively higher than that in the northeastern distribution area.Gene flow events indicated that southwest species may be the donor population for the distribution areas in China.Genome-wide selective sweep analysis showed that a large number of genes are involved in defense responses,growth and development,including SmRPS2,SmRPS4,SmRPS7,SmNAC2,SmNAC23,SmNAC102,SmWRKY6,SmWRKY26,and SmWRKY33.We also identified several candidate genes controlling six agronomic traits by genome-wide association studies,including SmPCBP2,SmbHLH1,SmCSLD1,SmPP2C,SmLRR-RKs,and SmAHP.Our study not only provides a rich genomic resource for further basic research on Sapindaceae woody trees but also identifies several economically significant genes for genomics-enabled improvements in molecular breeding.

Ting Xue;Duo Chen;Tianyu Zhang;Youqiang Chen;Huihua Fan;Yunpeng Huang;Quanlin Zhong;Baoyin Li

Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Eco-physiology,State Key Laboratory for Subtropical Mountain Ecology of the Ministry of Science and Technology and Fujian Province,College of Geographical Sciences,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350007,China;College of Life Sciences,Fujian Normal University,Fuzhou 350117,China;Shunchang County Forestry Science and Technology Center of Fujian Province,Forestry Bureau of Shunchang,Shunchang 353200,China;Research Institute of Forestry,Fujian Research Institute of Forestry,Fuzhou 350000,China

园艺研究（英文）

[1]Ting Xue;Duo Chen;Tianyu Zhang;Youqiang Chen;Huihua Fan;Yunpeng Huang;Quanlin Zhong;Baoyin Li-.Chromosome-scale assembly and population diversity analyses provide insights into the evolution of Sapindus mukorossi)[J].园艺研究（英文）,2022(01):589-603

SmRPS2,SmRPS4,SmRPS7,SmNAC2,SmNAC23,SmNAC102,SmWRKY6,SmWRKY26,SmWRKY33,SmPCBP2,SmbHLH1,SmCSLD1,SmPP2C,SmLRR,RKs,SmAHP

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