The uplift of eastern Tibet,Asian monsoon development and the evolution of globally significant Asian biodiversity are all linked,but in obscure ways.Sedimentology,geochronology,clumped iso-tope thermometry,and fossil leaf-derived numerical climate data from the Relu Basin,eastern Tibet,show at～50-45 Ma the basin was a hot(mean annual air temperature,MAAT,～27℃)dry desert at a low-elevation of 0.6±0.6 km.Rapid basin rise to 2.0±0.9 km at 45-42 Ma and to 2.9±0.9 km at 42-40 Ma,with MAATs of～20 and～16℃,respectively,accompanied seasonally varying increased annual precipitation to＞1500 mm.From～39 to 34 Ma,the basin attained 3.5±1.0 km,near its present-day elevation(～3.7 km),and MAAT cooled to～6℃.Numerically-modelled Asian monsoon strength increased significantly when this Eocene uplift of eastern Tibet was incorpo-rated.The simulation/proxy congruence points to a distinctive Eocene Asian monsoon,quite unlike that seen today,in that it featured bimodal precipitation and a winter-wet regime,and this enhanced biodiversity modernisation across eastern Asia.The Paleogene biodiversity of Asia evolved under a continually modifying monsoon influence,with the modern Asian monsoon system being unique to the present and a product of a long gradual development in the context of an ever-changing Earth system.

State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System,Environment and Resources(TPESER),Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China;University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China;Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology,Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Mengla 666303,China;School of Environment,Earth and Ecosystem Sciences,the Open University,Milton Keynes MK7 6AA,UK;School of Geographical Sciences,University of Bristol,Bristol BS8 1SS,UK

[1]Songlin He;Lin Ding;Zhongyu Xiong;Robert A.Spicer;Alex Farnsworth;Paul J.Valdes;Chao Wang;Fulong Cai;Houqi Wang;Yong Sun;Deng Zeng;Jing Xie;Yahui Yue;Chenyuan Zhao;Peiping Song;Chen Wu-.A distinctive Eocene Asian monsoon and modern biodiversity resulted from the rise of eastern Tibet)[J].科学通报（英文版）,2022(21):2245-2258

clumped,MAAT,MAATs,Numerically,modernisation

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