This study assesses the ability of 10 Earth System Models (ESMs) that participated in the Coupled Model Inter- comparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to reproduce the present-day inhalable particles with diameters less than 2.5 mi- crometers (PM2.5) over Asia and discusses the uncertainty. PM2.5 accounts for more than 30％ of the surface total aer- osol (fine and coarse) concentration over Asia, except for central Asia. The simulated spatial distributions of PM2.5 and its components, averaged from 2005 to 2020, are consistent with the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Re- search and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis. They are characterized by the high PM2.5 concentrations in eastern China and northern India where anthropogenic components such as sulfate and organic aerosol dominate, and in northwestern China where the mineral dust in PM2.5 fine particles (PM2.5DU) dominates. The present-day multi- model mean (MME) PM2.5 concentrations slightly underestimate ground-based observations in the same period of 2014–2019, although observations are affected by the limited coverage of observation sites and the urban areas. Those model biases partly come from other aerosols (such as nitrate and ammonium) not involved in our analyses, and also are contributed by large uncertainty in PM2.5 simulations on local scale among ESMs. The model uncertain- ties over East Asia are mainly attributed to sulfate and PM2.5DU; over South Asia, they are attributed to sulfate, or- ganic aerosol, and PM2.5DU; over Southeast Asia, they are attributed to sea salt in PM2.5 fine particles (PM2.5SS); and over central Asia, they are attributed to PM2.5DU. They are mainly caused by the different representations of aero- sols within individual ESMs including the representation of aerosol size distributions, dynamic transport, and physi- cal and chemistry mechanisms.

Xiaole SU;Tongwen WU;Jie ZHANG;Yong ZHANG;Junli JIN;Qing ZHOU;Fang ZHANG;Yiming LIU;Yumeng ZHOU;Lin ZHANG;Steven T.TURNOCK;Kalli FURTADO

Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,China;Beijing Climate Center,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,China;Meteorological Observation Center,China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,China;Laboratory for Climate and Ocean–Atmosphere Studies,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences,School of Physics,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China;Met Office,Hadley Centre,Exeter EX13PB,United Kingdom;University of Leeds Met Office Strategic(LUMOS)Research Group,School of Earth and Environment,University of Leeds,Leeds LS29JT,United Kingdom

气象学报（英文版）

[1]Xiaole SU;Tongwen WU;Jie ZHANG;Yong ZHANG;Junli JIN;Qing ZHOU;Fang ZHANG;Yiming LIU;Yumeng ZHOU;Lin ZHANG;Steven T.TURNOCK;Kalli FURTADO-.Present-Day PM2.5 over Asia: Simulation and Uncertainty in CMIP6 ESMs)[J].气象学报（英文版）,2022(03):429-449

crometers,osol,5DU,5SS

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