Rumen microbes play an important role in ruminant energy supply and animal performance.Previous studies showed that yak(Bos grunniens)rumen microbiome and fermentation differ from other ruminants.However,little is understood about the features of the rumen microbiome that make yak adapted to their unique environmental and dietary conditions.This study was to investigate the rumen microbiome and metabolome to understand how yak adapt to the coarse forage and harsh environment in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.Nine female Qaidam yellow cattle(Bos taurus),9 dzomo(hybrids of cattle and yak)and 9 female plateau yak(B.grunniens),about 5 to 6 years old,were used in this study.Rumen fermentation parameters,fibrolytic enzyme activities,and rumen metataxonomic were determined.Then 18(6 samples per group)were selected for rumen metagenomic and metabolome analysis.Metataxonomic analysis revealed that the rumen micro-biota was significantly different among plateau yak,Qaidam yellow cattle,and dzomo(P＜0.05).Metagenomic analysis displayed a larger gene pool encoding a richer repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the rumen microbiome of plateau yak and dzomo than Qaidam yellow cattle(P＜0.05).Some of the genes encoding glycoside hydrolases that mediate the digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose were significantly enriched in the rumen of plateau yak than Qaidam yellow cattle,but glycoside hydrolase 57 that primarily includes am-ylases was abundant in Qaidam yellow cattle(P＜0.05).The rumen fermentation profile differed also,Qaidam yellow cattle having a higher molar proportion of acetate but a lower molar proportion of propionate than dzomo and plateau yak(P＜0.05).Based on metabolomic analysis,rumen microbial metabolic pathways and metabolites were different.Differential metabolites are mainly amino acids,carboxylic acids,sugars,and bile acids.Changes in rumen microbial composition could explain the above results.The present study showed that the rumen microbiome of plateau yak helps its host to adapt to the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau.In particular,the plateau yak rumen microbiome has more enzymes genes involved in cellulase and hemicellulase than that of cattle,resulting higher fibrolytic enzyme activities in yak,further providing stronger fiber degradation function.

Congcong Zhao;Lamei Wang;Shanlin Ke;Xinhua Chen;Akos Kenéz;Wei Xu;Dangdang Wang;Fan Zhang;Yong Li;Zhanhong Cui;Yu Qiao;Jing Wang;Wenjuan Sun;Jianhua Zhao;Junhu Yao;Zhongtang Yu;Yangchun Cao

Colllege of Amimal Science ana Tecnnology,Nortnwest A&F university,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Medicine,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,Harvard Medical School,Boston,MA,USA;Channing Division of Network Medicine,Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School,Boston,MA,USA;Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health,City University of Hong Kong,Kowloon,Hong Kong,China;Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences,Qinghai University,Xining,Qinghai,China;Department Animal Engineering,Yangling Vocational&Technical College,Yangling,Shaanxi,China;Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Technology Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai,China;Department of Animal Sciences,The Ohio State University,Columbus,OH,United States

动物营养（英文）

[1]Congcong Zhao;Lamei Wang;Shanlin Ke;Xinhua Chen;Akos Kenéz;Wei Xu;Dangdang Wang;Fan Zhang;Yong Li;Zhanhong Cui;Yu Qiao;Jing Wang;Wenjuan Sun;Jianhua Zhao;Junhu Yao;Zhongtang Yu;Yangchun Cao-.Yak rumen microbiome elevates fiber degradation ability and alters rumen fermentation pattern to increase feed efficiency)[J].动物营养（英文）,2022(04):201-214

dzomo,fibrolytic,metataxonomic,Metataxonomic,ylases,hemicellulase

Yak,rumen,microbiome,elevates,fiber,degradation,ability,alters,fermentation,pattern,increase,feed,efficiency,Rumen,microbes,important,role,energy,supply,animal,performance,Previous,studies,showed,that,yak,Bos,grunniens,from,other,ruminants,However,little,understood,about,features,make,adapted,their,unique,environmental,dietary,conditions,This,study,was,investigate,metabolome,understand,coarse,forage,harsh,Qinghai,Tibetan,plateau,Nine,female,Qaidam,yellow,cattle,taurus,hybrids,years,old,were,used,this,parameters,activities,determined,Then,samples,group,selected,metagenomic,analysis,revealed,biota,significantly,different,among,Metagenomic,displayed,larger,pool,encoding,richer,repertoire,carbohydrate,active,enzymes,than,Some,genes,glycoside,hydrolases,mediate,digestion,hemicellulose,enriched,but,primarily,includes,abundant,profile,differed,also,having,higher,molar,proportion,acetate,lower,propionate,Based,metabolomic,microbial,metabolic,pathways,metabolites,Differential,are,mainly,amino,acids,carboxylic,sugars,bile,Changes,composition,could,explain,above,results,present,helps,its,host,In,particular,has,more,involved,resulting,further,providing,stronger,function

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