Amomum tsao-ko is an economically important spice plant in the ginger family(Zingiberaceae).The dried ripe fruit has been widely used as spice and medicine in Southeast Asia due to its distinct flavor metabolites.However,there is little genomic information available to understand the biosynthesis of its characteristic flavor compounds.Here,we present a high-quality chromosome-level genome of A.tsao-ko with a total length of 2.08 Gb assembled into 24 chromosomes.Potential relationships between genetic variation and chemical constituents were analyzed by a genome-wide association study of 119 representative A.tsao-ko specimens in China.Metabolome and transcriptome correlation analysis of different plant organs and fruit developmental stages revealed the proposed biosynthesis of the characteristic bicyclononane aldehydes and aromatic metabolites in A.tsao-ko fruit.Transcription factors of 20 families may be involved in the regulatory network of terpenoids.This study provides genomic and chemical insights into the biosynthesis of characteristic aroma and flavor constituents,which can be used to improve the quality of A.tsao-ko as food and medicine.

Ping Li;Genxiang Bai;Jiangbin He;Bo Liu;Junru Long;Taylan Morcol;Weiyao Peng;Fan Quan;Xinbo Luan;Zhenzhen Wang;Yi Zhao;Yunsheng Cha;Yuanyuan Liu;Juncai He;Lianzhang Wu;Yi Yang;Edward J.Kennelly;Quan Yang;Lirong Sun;Zepeng Chen;Wanqiang Qian;Jian Hu;Jian Yan

Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture,Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture,College of Natural Resources and Environment,South China Agricultural University,Guangzhou,510642,China;Nujiang Green Spice Industry Research Institute,Lushui,Yunnan,673100,China;Shenzhen Branch,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture,Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shenzhen,518120,China;Department of Biological Sciences,Lehman College and The Graduate Center,City University of New York,Bronx,New York,10468,USA;Key lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology,Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming,Yunnan,650205,China;School of Chinese Materia Medica,Guangdong Pharmaceutical University,Guangzhou,510006,China;State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research,Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders,Department of Neurobiology,School of Basic Medical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou,510515,China;Guangdong Provincial Tobacco Shaoguan Co.Ltd,Shaoguan,Guangdong,512000,China

园艺研究（英文）

[1]Ping Li;Genxiang Bai;Jiangbin He;Bo Liu;Junru Long;Taylan Morcol;Weiyao Peng;Fan Quan;Xinbo Luan;Zhenzhen Wang;Yi Zhao;Yunsheng Cha;Yuanyuan Liu;Juncai He;Lianzhang Wu;Yi Yang;Edward J.Kennelly;Quan Yang;Lirong Sun;Zepeng Chen;Wanqiang Qian;Jian Hu;Jian Yan-.Chromosome-level genome assembly of Amomum tsao-ko provides insights into the biosynthesis of flavor compounds)[J].园艺研究（英文）,2022(01):564-577

bicyclononane

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