Understanding the interactions(synergies and trade-offs)among the Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)is crucial for enhancing policy coherence between different sectors.However,spatial differences in the SDG interactions and their temporal variations at the sub-national scale are still critical gaps that need to be urgently filled.Here,we assess the spatial and temporal variation of the SDG interactions in China based on the systematic classification framework of SDGs.The framework groups the seventeen SDGs into three categories,namely"Essential Needs""Objectives",and"Governance".Spatially,we found that the SDGs in"Essential Needs"&"Objectives"and"Essential Needs"&"Governance"generally show trade-offs in the eastern provinces of China.Synergies among all three SDG categories are observed in some central and western China provinces,which implies that these regions conform to sustainable development patterns.In addition,temporally,the synergies of the three SDG categories have shown a weakening trend in the last decade,mainly due to the regional differences in the progress of SDG7(Affordable and Clean Energy).Overall,our results identify the necessity for provinces to enhance the synergies between SDG12(Responsible Production and Consumption)and other SDGs to tackle the trade-offs between the"Essential Needs"and"Objectives".Meanwhile,promoting the progress of SDG7 will also contribute to balanced development across provinces.

Junze Zhang;Shuai Wang;Prajal Pradhan;Wenwu Zhao;Bojie Fu

State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100085,China;State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology,Faculty of Geographical Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China;Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research(PIK),Member of the Leibniz Association,Potsdam 14473,Germany

科学通报（英文版）

[1]Junze Zhang;Shuai Wang;Prajal Pradhan;Wenwu Zhao;Bojie Fu-.Untangling the interactions among the Sustainable Development Goals in China)[J].科学通报（英文版）,2022(09):977-984

Untangling,Synergies,Affordable

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