This study presents a framework for predicting geological characteristics based on integrating a stacking classification algorithm(SCA)with a grid search(GS)and K-fold cross validation(K-CV).The SCA includes two learner layers:a primary learner's layer and meta-classifier layer.The accuracy of the SCA can be improved by using the GS and K-CV.The GS was developed to match the hyper-parameters and optimise complicated problems.The K-CV is commonly applied to changing the validation set in a training set.In general,a GS is usually combined with K-CV to produce a corresponding evaluation index and select the best hyper-parameters.The torque penetration index(TPI)and field penetration index(FPI)are proposed based on shield parameters to express the geological characteristics.The elbow method(EM)and silhouette coefficient(Si)are employed to determine the types of geological characteristics(K)in a K-means++algorithm.A case study on mixed ground in Guangzhou is adopted to validate the applicability of the developed model.The results show that with the developed framework,the four selected pa-rameters,i.e.thrust,advance rate,cutterhead rotation speed and cutterhead torque,can be used to effectively predict the corresponding geological characteristics.

MOE Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Technology,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,College of Engineering,Shantou University,Shantou,Guangdong 515063,China;Discipline of Civil and Infrastructure,School of Engineering,Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology(RMIT),Victoria,3001,Australia;College of Civil and Transportation Engineering,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,Guangdong 518060,China

[1]Tao Yan;Shui-Long Shen;Annan Zhou;Xiangsheng Chen-.Prediction of geological characteristics from shield operational parameters by integrating grid search and K-fold cross validation into stacking classification algorithm)[J].岩石力学与岩土工程学报（英文版）,2022(04):1292-1303

means++algorithm,cutterhead

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