Ground-level ozone -(O3) is a widespread air pollutant causing extensive injuries in plants. However, its effects on perennial energy crops remain poorly under-stood due to technical difficulties in cultivating fast-growing shrubs for biomass production under -O3 treatment on the field. Here we present the results of a two-year evaluation in the framework of which willow (Salix sachalinensis F. Schmid) shrubs were exposed to ambient (AOZ) or elevated (EOZ) -O3 in two successive growing seasons (2014, 2015) and treated with 0 (EDU0) or 400 mg -L?1 (EDU400) eth-ylenediurea spray in the second growing season. In 2014, EOZ altered the chemical composition of both top young and fallen leaves, and a novel mechanism of decreasing Mg in fallen leaves while highly enriching it in young top leaves was revealed in shrubs exposed to EOZ. In 2015, EDU400 alleviated EOZ-induced decreases in leaf fresh mass to dry mass ratio (FM/DM) and leaf mass per area (LMA). While EDU400 protected against EOZ-induced suppression of the maximum rate at which leaves can fix carbon (Amax) in -O3-asymptomatic leaves, it did not alle-viate EOZ-induced suppression of the maximum rates of carboxylation (VCmax) and electron transport (Jmax) and chlorophylls a, b, and a + b in the same type of leaves. In -O3-symptomatic leaves, however, EDU400 alleviated EOZ-induced suppression of chlorophylls a and a + b, indicating different mode of action of EDU between -O3-asymptomatic and -O3-symptomatic leaves. Extensive herbivory occurred only in AOZ-exposed plants, leading to suppressed biomass production, while EOZ also led to a similar suppression of biomass production (EDU0 × EOZ vs. EDU400 × EOZ). In 2016, carry-over effects were also evaluated following crop-ping and transplantation into new ambient plots. Effects of EOZ in the preceding growing seasons extended to the third growing season in the form of suppressed ratoon biomass production, indicating carry-over effect of EOZ. Although EDU400 protected against EOZ-induced suppression of biomass production when applied in 2015, there was no carry-over effect of EDU in the absence of EDU treatment in 2016. The results of this study provide novel mechanistic understandings of -O3 and EDU modes of action and can enlighten cultivation of willow as energy crop.

Evgenios Agathokleous;Mitsutoshi Kitao;Cong Shi;Noboru Masui;Shahenda Abu?ElEla;Kyohsuke Hikino;Fuyuki Satoh;Takayoshi Koike

Department of Ecology,School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST),Nanjing 210044,People's Republic of China;School of Agriculture,Hokkaido University,Sapporo, Hokkaido 060?8589,Japan;Hokkaido Research Center,Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute(FFPRI),Sapporo 062?8516,Japan;School of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tiangong University,Tianjin 300387,People's Republic of China;Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Hans?Carl?von?Carlowitz Platz 2,85354 Freising, Germany;Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060?0809, Japan;Research Center for Eco?Environmental Science,Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085,People's Republic of China

林业研究（英文版）

[1]Evgenios Agathokleous;Mitsutoshi Kitao;Cong Shi;Noboru Masui;Shahenda Abu?ElEla;Kyohsuke Hikino;Fuyuki Satoh;Takayoshi Koike-.Ethylenediurea (EDU) spray effects on willows (Salix sachalinensis F. Schmid) grown in ambient or ozone?enriched air: implications for renewable biomass production)[J].林业研究（英文版）,2022(02):397-422

Ethylenediurea,willows,sachalinensis,EOZ,EDU0,EDU400,ylenediurea,chlorophylls,herbivory

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