Optical detection and manipulation of the thermal properties is an essential subject of cold atoms in the quantum era.For laser cooled alkali atoms,we have experimentally realized deterministic temperature measurement with time cost below 1 ms and effective filtering of colder atoms with temperature less than 1 μK,with the help of nearly nondestructive detection.The quick temperature measurement is accomplished by carefully resolving the diffusion dynamics of atoms with the information provided by a single probe laser pulse in the form of bucket detection,while suppressing the amplitude and phase noises of probe laser.The separation of colder atoms is attainable as the velocity differences of atoms translate into nontrivial position differences,when the diffusion sustains for a few tens of milliseconds.In particular,these efforts are based on a labeling process that distinguishes the cold atoms under study from the others by specific internal states,while the nearly nondestructive detection is implemented via driving a cycling transition with continuous optical pulses.Moreover,such a position-dependent labeling process can be further modified to become velocity-dependent,with which we have demonstrated a Maxwell's demon-type operation on cold atoms,as Maxwell's demon's intricate abilities can be understood as measuring the velocity of an individual particle and then performing feedback according to a straightforward dichotomy of the velocity value.

XIN WANG;YUAN SUN;LIANG LIU

CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Center of Cold Atom Physics,Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 201800,China;Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China

光子学研究（英文）

[1]XIN WANG;YUAN SUN;LIANG LIU-.Realizing fast temperature measurement and simulating Maxwell's demon with nearly nondestructive detection in cold atoms)[J].光子学研究（英文）,2022(08):1947-1955

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