The mutation rate used in the previous analyses of pig evolution and demographics was cursory and hence invited potential bias in inferring evolutionary history.Herein,we estimated the de novo mutation rate of pigs as 3.6×10-9 per base per generation using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from nine individuals in a three-generation pedigree through stringent filtering and validation.Using this mutation rate,we re-investigated the evolutionary history of pigs.The esti-mated divergence time of～10 kiloyears ago(KYA)between European wild and domesticated pigs was consistent with the domestication time of European pigs based on archaeological evidence.However,other divergence events inferred here were not as ancient as previously described.Our estimates suggest that Sus speciation occurred～1.36 million years ago(MYA);European wild pigs split from Asian wild pigs only～219 KYA;and south and north Chinese wild pigs split～25 KYA.Meanwhile,our results showed that the most recent divergence event between Chinese wild and domesticated pigs occurred in the Hetao Plain,northern China,approximately 20 KYA,supporting the possibly independent domestication in northern China along the middle Yellow River.We also found that the maximum effective population size of pigs was～6 times larger than estimated before.An archaic migration from other Sus species originating～2 MYA to European pigs was detected during western colonization of pigs,which may affect the accuracy of previous demo-graphic inference.Our de novo mutation rate estimation and its consequences for demographic his-tory inference reasonably provide a new vision regarding the evolutionary history of pigs.

Mingpeng Zhang;Qiang Yang;Huashui Ai;Lusheng Huang

State Key Laboratory of Swine Genetic Improvement and Production Technology,Jiangxi Agricultural University,Nanchang 330045,China

基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报（英文版）

[1]Mingpeng Zhang;Qiang Yang;Huashui Ai;Lusheng Huang-.Revisiting the Evolutionary History of Pigs via De Novo Mutation Rate Estimation in A Three-generation Pedigree)[J].基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报（英文版）,2022(06):1040-1052

cursory,kiloyears,KYA,Hetao,archaic

Revisiting,Evolutionary,History,Pigs,via,De,Novo,Mutation,Rate,Estimation,Three,generation,Pedigree,mutation,rate,used,analyses,demographics,was,hence,invited,potential,bias,inferring,evolutionary,history,Herein,estimated,novo,pigs,per,using,high,quality,whole,genome,sequencing,data,from,nine,individuals,three,pedigree,through,stringent,filtering,validation,Using,this,investigated,divergence,ago,between,European,wild,domesticated,consistent,domestication,archaeological,evidence,However,other,events,inferred,here,were,not,ancient,previously,described,Our,estimates,suggest,that,Sus,speciation,occurred,million,MYA,split,Asian,only,south,Chinese,Meanwhile,our,results,showed,most,recent,Plain,northern,China,approximately,supporting,possibly,independent,along,middle,Yellow,River,We,also,found,maximum,effective,population,size,times,larger,than,before,An,migration,species,originating,detected,during,western,colonization,which,may,affect,accuracy,inference,estimation,its,consequences,reasonably,provide,new,vision,regarding

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